图1 参加阿拉伯咖啡制作比赛的选手正在烘焙咖啡豆(来源：联合国教科文组织官方网站)

　　▲ 项目基本信息

　　入选年份：2015

　　申报国家：阿拉伯联合酋长国、沙特阿拉伯王国、阿曼苏丹国、卡塔尔国

　　名录名册类型：人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录

图2 沙特阿拉伯的马吉里斯中，人们在享用咖啡(来源：联合国教科文组织官方网站)

　　▲ 英文简介

　　Serving Arabic coffee is an important aspect of hospitality in Arab societies and considered a ceremonial act of generosity. Traditionally, coffee is prepared in front of guests. Coffee-making begins with the selection of beans, which are lightly roasted in a shallow pan over a fire, then placed into a copper mortar and pounded with a copper pestle. The coffee grounds are placed into a large copper coffee pot; water is added and the pot is placed on the fire. Once brewed, it is poured into a smaller coffee pot from which it is poured into small cups. The most important or oldest guest is served first, filling a quarter of the cup, which can then be refilled. Common practice is to drink at least one cup but not exceed three. Arabic coffee is made and enjoyed by men and women from all segments of society, particularly in the home. The sheikhs and heads of tribes who serve Arabic coffee in their meeting spaces, elderly Bedouin men and women and owners of coffee trading shops are considered the main bearers. Knowledge and traditions are passed on within the family through observation and practice. Young family members also accompany their elders to the market to learn how to select the best coffee beans.

　　图3 贝都因部落的主人为客人提供咖啡(来源：联合国教科文组织官方网站)

　　▲ 中文简介

　　在阿拉伯社会中，为客人提供阿拉伯咖啡是体现人们热情好客的一个重要方面，也是一种表现慷慨的仪式性行为。长久以来，咖啡都是当着客人面准备的。制作咖啡的第一步是选择咖啡豆，然后将其用浅口平底锅置于火上轻度烘焙，之后倒入铜钵，用铜杵捣碎。将捣好的咖啡粉放置在一个大的铜制咖啡壶内，加水后放在火上煮。一旦煮好，就倒入一个小一些的咖啡壶，然后再用小壶将咖啡倒入小杯子中。第一杯咖啡首先倒给最尊贵或最年长的客人，一般只倒四分之一杯，可以续杯。按惯例，至少喝一杯，但是不要超过三杯。无论性别、阶层，全社会都可以制作并享用阿拉伯咖啡，尤其是在家中。在会议空间提供阿拉伯咖啡的酋长和部落首领、年迈的贝都因人，以及咖啡贸易业主，都是阿拉伯咖啡的主要传承人。该项目相关的知识和传统通过观察和练习在家族内得以承续。家庭中的年轻成员也会陪同年长者去市场，学习如何挑选最上乘的咖啡豆。

　　译介项目十一

　　马吉里斯，文化和社会空间

　　Majlis, a cultural and social space

图4 马吉里斯中举行的婚礼(来源：联合国教科文组织官方网站)

　　▲ 项目基本信息

　　入选年份：2015

　　申报国家：阿拉伯联合酋长国、沙特阿拉伯王国、阿曼苏丹国、卡塔尔国

　　名录名册类型：人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录

　图5 年长者正在教授孩子们社交礼仪和马吉里斯的传统(来源：联合国教科文组织官方网站)

　　▲ 英文简介

　　Majlis are ‘sitting places’ where community members gather to discuss local events and issues, exchange news, receive guests, socialize and be entertained. The Majlis is where the community gathers to resolve problems, pay condolences and hold wedding receptions. It is typically a large space with carpets on the floor and cushions against the wall. There is usually a stove or fire to prepare coffee and other hot beverages. The Majlis space is open to all people and may be frequented by family members, tribes and inhabitants of the same neighbourhood, and other remote neighbourhoods. Community elders are considered true bearers, especially those with extensive knowledge concerning nature, genealogy and tribal history. Judges and religious sheikhs have special importance in the Majlis as they adjudicate on disputes and clarify political, social and religious rights and responsibilities. Women have their own Majlis, although some prominent women attend other Majlis, which are particularly academic or literary in nature. Majlis also play an important role in the transfer of oral heritage, including folk stories, folk songs and ‘Nabati’ poetry. As Majlis spaces are open to all age groups, knowledge is mostly transmitted informally as children accompany community members on their visits. Through observing elders in the Majlis, young people learn the manners and ethics of their community, dialogue and listening skills, and respect for the opinion of others.

图6 如今，沙特阿拉伯人的马吉里斯中配有现代电子设备(来源：联合国教科文组织官方网站)

　　▲ 中文简介

　　马吉里斯是社区成员聚集在一起，围坐着讨论地方事件与问题、互通消息、接待客人、社交和娱乐的空间。社区成员聚集在马吉里斯解决问题、举行悼念活动、举办婚宴。它通常有很大的空间，地面铺着地毯，临墙有靠垫。一般配有炉子或者火源，用于煮咖啡或者准备其他热饮。马吉里斯向所有人开放，家庭成员、部落，以及同一街区或其他遥远街区的居民都可能经常参与到马吉里斯中去。社区年长者是该项目的真正传承人，尤其是那些精通自然、宗谱和部落历史的人。法官和宗教领袖在马吉里斯中有着特别重要的地位，因为他们负责裁定纠纷，阐明政治、社会、宗教的权利与责任。女性有自己的马吉里斯，尽管一些知名女性会参加其他的马吉里斯，尤其是学术和文学性质的。马吉里斯还在包括民间故事、民歌、“纳巴蒂体”诗歌在内的口头遗产的传承中，发挥着重要作用。由于马吉里斯空间面向各年龄层的人开放，孩子们可陪同年长社区成员在马吉里斯参加活动，因此，知识一般通过这种非正式的方式得以传承。通过观察马吉里斯空间中的年长者，年轻人学习社区内的礼仪和道德规范、对话和聆听技巧，以及对他人观点的尊重。